Future glycerol market forecast

The Glycerin market is expected to grow at a moderate rate during the forecast period, 2018 to 2023. Asia-Pacific region is estimated to lead the market owing to its increasing usage in personal care and pharmaceutical applications. Pharmaceutical application is expected to be the largest market.

• Increasing production and demand for biodiesel

Glycerin is a by-product, produced while manufacturing biodiesel from animal fats, and vegetable oil. Rising demand for alternative fuel vehicles among consumers in European Union and North America has increased the consumption of biodiesel. According to European Automobile Manufacturer Association (ACEA), 852,933 alternative fuel vehicles were registered in the European Union in 2017, which is estimated to increase the demand for biodiesel during the forecast period. This increase in demand for bio-fuel, coupled with increasing concern related to global climate change, improving energy stability, and fluctuating crude oil prices is expected to increase the demand for biodiesel, which, in turn, is expected to increase the availability of glycerin during the forecast period.

• Pharmaceutical Application will continue to Dominate the Market

Pharmaceutical application will continue to dominate the market for glycerin during the forecast period. Glycerin is an important raw material used for manufacturing products such as creams, jellies, eye-drops, syrups, and lozenges among others due to its smoothing, moisturizing, and sweetening properties. Increase in spending on medication and rising use of new and expensive medicinal products due to increasing health concern has propelled the consumption of pharmaceutical products in the recent years. In addition, the growing medical tourism in countries, such as India, Mexico, Thailand, South Korea, Turkey, Malaysia, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Taiwan has increased the consumption of various pharmaceutical products. For instance, according to OECD, around 50 million tourist seek medical treatment annually, on the global level, which in turn has driven the demand for glycerin in pharmaceutical application.

• Asia-Pacific Region to lead the market

Asia-Pacific is projected to dominate the glycerin market, during the forecast period, owing to the growing demand from personal care application. Increase in consumer spending on mass and premium personal care products coupled with increasing population in countries, such as India, China, Japan, and South Korea has increased the consumption of glycerin. In addition, rise in cosmetics sales due to growing tourism industry in countries, such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia has increased the production of personal care products, which in turn is expected to drive the demand for glycerin for personal care application during the forecast period.

Glycerin 99.5% Vegetable USP

Glycerin is a oil-based liquid traditionally produced from palm, soy, or coconut oil. Food applications demand a USP grade of 99% or higher, which is exceeded with this product. While vegetable glycerin is clear and odorless, USP-grade glycerin has a sweet flavor. Read below for uses of vegetable USP-grade glycerin 99.5%.

• The sweet taste of vegetable glycerin gives it applications as a sweetener in low carbohydrate foods, and, unlike common table sugar, glycerin will not cause tooth decay.
• Many foods contain vegetable glycerin as a filler or thickening agent, especially in low-fat foods. Without fat, foods often lose flavor and texture, both of which can be rectified with the addition of vegetable glycerin.
• Cake icing often contains vegetable glycerin to prevent it from becoming too hard after it is spread.
• Shaving cream, soap, and shampoo contain vegetable glycerin as a humectant (moisturizer) to increase the solubility of other ingredients, thereby making products easier for the skin to absorb.
• Many lotion manufacturers appreciate vegetable glycerin’s ability to draw moisture from deep skin tissues to the surface and to keep the skin from drying excessively. It is often marketed toward individuals with sensitive or easily-irritated skin.
• Toothpaste and mouthwash contain vegetable glycerin since it improves the taste without causing tooth decay.
• The increase of solubility has led the pharmaceutical industry to utilize vegetable glycerin in allergen immunotherapy, cough syrup, elixirs, and expectorants.
• Medicine in the form of tablets may contain vegetable glycerol as a tablet-holding agent.
• In herbal extracts, vegetable glycerin is often used in lieu of ethanol in products touted as alcohol-free.

With its many uses, vegetable glycerin 99.5% USP is a fantastic product from your pharmaceutical, food grade, and nutritional chemical.

Product Spotlight: Vegetable Glycerine 99.7%

Vegetable glycerine 99.7% is produced primarily from soy, palm, or coconut oil, although other oils may also be used in its manufacture. Glycerine is odorless, colorless, viscous (thick), and has a sweet taste. Purer forms of glycerine – above 99% – are the standard for use in foods, pharmaceutical products, and cosmetics.

• Cosmetics: Glycerine is a humectant, attracting water to the skin. This makes it ideal for use in lotions, shampoos, and conditioners.
• Foods: Because it is metabolized differently than table sugar, glycerine can replace sugar in low carbohydrate foods, keeping the amount of sweet taste the same. Glycerol contains seven more kilocalories per teaspoon compared to table sugar and is 60% as sweet as sucrose. When added to products such as icing, it increases spreadability without setting into a hard, tough shell.
• Personal care: When added to toothpaste and mouthwash, glycerine sweetens the taste but is not a food source for the bacteria that form plaques and cause tooth decay. Glycerine soaps draw moisture to the skin’s surface and prevent that moisture from escaping into the surrounding atmosphere as evaporation. For consumers with extra dry or sensitive skin, glycerine soap is the perfect alternative for skin care.
• Herbal and botanical tinctures: Glycerine can replace the alcoholic content in herbal and botanical tinctures to give products more body and none of the alcohol odor. For those who wish for alcohol-free herbal and botanical products, glycerine is ideal.
• Pharmaceuticals: Humectants boost the solubility of active ingredients, so glycerine delivers products more effectively as either a topical application, where the medicine is absorbed into the skin more rapidly, or in capsule form, where glycerine is considered a tablet-holding agent. Cough syrups and elixirs have improved smoothness with glycerine.

Glycerine is a multi-use product utilized in several different food and beverage industries. Because it can be used as a humectant, solvent, preservative, filler and thickening agent, and sweetener, glycerine serves several roles in one easy to use product.

7 Amazing Glycerin Benefits & Uses

Glycerin has a number of impressive health benefits, including the ability to moisturizethe skin, cleanse the gut, speed healing, retain water, protect the immune system and contribute to anti-aging efforts.

What is Glycerin?

Glycerin is chemically a sugar alcohol that is primarily derived from animal and plant sources, where it is removed from triglycerides. It is a colorless and odorless liquid with high viscosity and a mild sweet taste. Glycerin is one of the main ingredients in several items including beauty products, soaps, cough syrups, and bakery items. It is safe to consume glycerin but only in moderation, since it has more calories than standard sugar.

Glycerin, as a term, is often used interchangeably with glycerine and in fact, glycerine, glycerine, and glycerol are all names of the same compound propane-1,2,3-triol.

Health Benefits of Glycerin

Let’s have a look at some of the amazing health benefits of glycerin in detail.

Skin Care

The most notable effect of glycerin and the primary reason people use this simple substance is its moisturizing power. The skin requires moisture to function normally and retain its appearance.  If your skin isn’t regularly moisturized, it can increase the appearance of wrinkles, promote flaky or unhealthy looking skin dry skin, and compromise the skin’s ability to defend against the constant barrage of outside substances, bacteria, and pathogens. Generally, this moisturizing quality of glycerin helps the skin look and feel great.

Speeds up Healing

Some people choose to use glycerin on or near wounds, scratches or blemishes because it can promote the natural maturation of skin cells. The therapeutic effect of glycerol on wounds and other skin diseases is a very good reason to use this easy-to-find and inexpensive substance. Consumption of glycerin-rich foods can help with this, but it certainly isn’t as effective as using pure glycerin intended for therapeutic purposes.

Stimulates Bowel Movements

Another common use of glycerin is in the form of a laxative capsule (in the form of an enema). This glycerin-rich delivery will irritate the anal mucosa and cause the bowels to take more water in (hyperosmotic effect), which then stimulates a smooth bowel movement. 

For those who are sensitive to glycerin in their diet, this laxative effect can be seen as a negative side effect, but if you’re suffering from chronic , a small suppository or enema coated in glycerin can be an excellent and rapid solution.

Soothes Irritation

Using glycerol on conditions like eczema, psoriasis, rash or dry skin can provide a barrier that locks in moisture and promotes healing, while also lowering your desire to itch! Glycerol due to its moisturizing effects is included in so many cosmetic soaps and compounds. It also helps relieve inflammatory conditions on the skin or excess irritation. 

Prevents Dehydration

Regular use on those parts of the skin exposed to the elements (particularly wind) that cause loss of water from the skin, is a good way to give your skin and body a protective boost against drying out. After all, we are composed of more than 70% water, and it’s important to keep hydration levels high!

Note: The application of glycerin all over the body isn’t recommended.

Boosts Immune System

Glycerin not only locks in moisture, but also provides a boost of protection for the skin against outside environment, including irritants, pollutants, toxins, and pathogens that would do us harm, or increase irritation. 

Antiaging

The deep-layer moisturizing power of glycerol helps with various symptoms of aging. Aside from minimizing the appearance of wrinkles, it can also diminish blemishes and maintain the elasticity of skin, which are some of the most common side effects of the aging process.

Cerebral Edema

Glycerin is used to treat cerebral edema, a condition where there is an accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in stroke, meningitis, tumor, and encephalitis. It is given to patients intravenously to relieve pressure in the brain. It is effective and safe without the dehydrating effects of other methods.

Physical Endurance

Glycerin is given to athletes prior to their sports activity to keep them hydrated for long. It also maintains their temperature through reduced urine volume and increased sweat rate.  Overall it ensures higher endurance and better performance.

Uses of Glycerin

Apart from the various benefits glycerin provides, it is used in many different industries including food and pharmaceutical industry.

• Food industry: Glycerin is used as a sweetener and a humectant, a hygroscopic substance that is used to keep things moist. For many baked goods and dairy products to processed vegetables and fruits, as well as grain products, sauces, and condiments.
• Pharmaceutical industry: Glycerin is used as an alcohol-free solvent when preparing certain herbal medications and tonics. It is also used to treat eye disorders such as glaucoma.
• Personal care products: Glycerin is used in cosmetics as it provides smoothness and lubrication, while also retaining moisture. It is a common ingredient in toothpaste, mouthwashes, soaps, shampoos and shaving creams.

How to use Glycerin?

If you want to apply pure glycerin topically, it is best to use small amounts at first to see how your skin reacts. Some people have strong negative reactions to glycerol, so before you coat your body in the stuff, or use it as a suppository, speak to a medical professional and ensure that glycerin is a wise addition to your health regimen.

What Are the Benefits of Pure Glycerin Oil?

Glycerin is a thick liquid that is actually a by-product of the combination of water and fat. Nitroglycerin, an explosive, is made by combining glycerin with nitrogen under very precise conditions. Glycerin alone is safe and nontoxic. Glycerin is created during many different manufacturing processes, such as soap making and bio diesel production. Glycerin is known for its ability to absorb and hold water, as well as its sweet flavor.

Soap

Probably the most common use of glycerin is in soap. Actually, glycerin is a natural by-product of soap production. When fat is combined with a base and water, soap and glycerin are formed. Our ancestors simply left the glycerin in the soap. But modern manufacturers remove the glycerin to dry the bars. They use the glycerin in other cosmetics. Natural or homemade soaps are often very high in glycerin. Glycerin helps the skin maintain a natural water balance without oils.

Acne

Glycerin soap makes a great acne cleanser because it keeps the skin from drying out without clogging the pores. Used alone, or with a facial brush or washcloth, glycerin soap clears oil, dead skin, and other contaminants.

Skin Disease

According to Dr. Wendy Bollinger Bollag of Vanderbilt University, there is evidence to suggest that glycerin may aid in the healing of skin diseases such as psoriasis and eczema. The water-retaining benefits of glycerin appear to contribute to healthy skin cell maturation.

Moisturizer

Glycerin alone, or mixed with other compounds, makes a great moisturizer. Because of its ability to draw and hold water, it prevents skin from overdrying. Because it is non comedogenic, glycerin moisturizes without clogging pores.

Hair

The moisturizing benefits of glycerin are not limited to the skin. Dry or frizzy hair also benefits from the use of glycerin. Glycerin not only holds and draws moisture, but it also helps the outer layer of the hair shaft lie down. This gives hair a shinier, sleeker appearance.

Food

Glycerin is not only nontoxic, it is used in many foods. Its sweet flavor is used in place of sugar in many low-carb products. A type of sugar alcohol, glycerin has no effect on the blood sugar of non-diabetics. However, there is still much debate about its use by diabetics.

US glycerine market finely balanced in H2 2018

The US glycerine markets are seeing finely balanced supply/demand dynamics as the second half of 2018 ramps up.

Market participants are trying to gauge supply tightness in coming months, and the supply/demand balance is delicate.

With most US producers across the vegetable and tallow tiers sold out and fully contracted for the third quarter, there is discussion that any supply disruption could push pricing up in coming months.

“There was a Midwest producer who had a plant issue in the first quarter, and that caused some of their buyers to frantically try to source material and was one of the reason the market tightened up so quickly in Q1,” a seller said.

While the domestic supply situation remains snug, spot markets globally are starting to reflect the easing supply situation.

Glycerine supply continues to lengthen in southeast Asia with biodiesel producers ramping up production due to higher biodiesel demand as a result of a narrower price gap between palm oil and gasoil.

In Europe, a crude oversupply situation may ease in the fourth quarter, with less upstream biodiesel imports set to arrive into the European Union due to uncertainty over duties.

Looking to South America, many market players will be closely watching the outcome of the Argentine biodiesel trade fight with Europe.

Biodiesel producers and glycerine refiners in Argentina expect the EU to stop importing biodiesel in the second half of the year by imposing new tariffs in September or October.

The European Commission (EC) announced earlier in May that any biodiesel imports from Argentina will be registered from 24 May for the next nine months. This is in order to retroactively impose tariffs on those imports if the current anti-subsidy case finds biodiesel from the country is being subsidised.

Most biodiesel plants produce crude glycerine at a 1:10 ratio, while additional costs will have to be incurred to process the product into refined glycerine for higher value application.

Argentine biodiesel and crude glycerine production was sharply affected when the US imposed tariffs on Argentine biodiesel in November 2017.

Tarriffs on Argentinean biodiesel were set at over 72%, as required by the US Department of Commerce in November 2017.

Following the closure of the US biodiesel market to Argentine volumes, biodiesel production in Argentina declined by 20.5% in Q3 2017, according to the nation’s statistics agency (INDEC).

The Argentine biodiesel sector expects to export about 700,000 tonnes of biodiesel to Europe in 2018, but this impending decision by the EC could derail those import plans for the South American biodiesel giant, which would affect global glycerine supply and could see tighter supply in an already delicately balanced market.

US refined glycerine suppliers include Procter & Gamble, Vantage Oleochemical, Emery Oleochemical, Twin Rivers Technology, Peter Cremer North America, ADM, Cargill, Owensboro Grain, Louis Dreyfus and Future Fuels among others.

What crude glycerin

• Crude Glycerine

Crude glycerine is merely glycerine in a less pure form. Hence, in its chemical composition, it does not differ from glycerol, as glycerine is correctly called.

It consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms that, in their type of chemical bond – C3H5(OH)3 – represent a trihydric alcohol. In common language, glycerol is also known as propanetriol, irrespective of its degree of purity.

Therefore, we cannot conclude from the formula alone whether a chemical compound with the chemical formula C3H5(OH)3 is highly pure pharmaceutical grade glycerine or a less pure “crude” glycerine.

• A Less Pure By-product

Less pure glycerine like crude glycerine is not a contaminated and thus unusable substance. On the contrary: the secret lies in its production. A large quantity of glycerine is generated in the production of biodiesel. The proportion of glycerine in vegetable oils such as rapeseed or palm is approx. 10%. Following initial processing, it has a typical purity grade of about 80 per cent and is still nothing more than a by-product.

The degree to which glycerine is condensed in a further distillation process and thus becomes purer is decisive for its later name. Crude glycerine contains a high proportion of hydrogen; i.e. it has a water content of 10 to 15 per cent. It also contains other substances, e.g. between two and eight per cent of crude ash.

After further chemical processing, glycerine can be used as a valuable raw material for the manufacture of numerous products in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The glycerine content of then pure glycerine can be up to 99.9 per cent.

• Properties of Crude Glycerine

While pure glycerine is colorless and has a sweet taste, less pure glycerol stands out due to its usually brown color. It can also vary in color. In crude glycerine, the sweet taste that pure glycerine has is masked by the higher salt content. Otherwise, this substance has the same properties as pure glycerol. It dissolves in water and attracts moisture. Because it is less pure, crude glycerine is mainly used for industrial purposes. It is not pure enough for use in the pharmaceutical industry or for the production of food. Here its degree of purity would have to be 99.5 per cent.

The substance is also used in the agricultural sector, particularly for feeding cattle and fattening pigs as crude glycerine is very high in energy and much less expensive than pure glycerine. Therefore, it is used both as a technological additive in the production of animal feed, for example for stabilizing pellets, and as a single feedstuff. However, only glycerine with a degree of purity of 80 per cent is suitable as animal feed. According to the “white list” applicable since 2006, the substance may only be used for feeding animals if it was gained from vegetable fats and oils.

Chemical Properties of Glycerin

Glycerol is alcohols which contains three carboxyl. It has the chemical reactivity of general alcohols. Because he has three carboxyl groups, all glycerols have features of monohydric alcohols, diols and other different polyols. That the below chemical reaction of glycerin can explain the role of glycerin in chemical industry.

2.2.1 Oxidation of glycerin

Under normal conditions, glycerin is stable in the atmosphere, but it is easily oxidized by other oxidants. Glycerin can be oxidized under different conditions to produce different compounds.

1. In the presence of ferrous salts, Glyceraldehydes are formed under mild conditions with hydrogen peroxide.
   
2. glycerol can be oxidized by nitrite oxidation.
   
3. With the action of Acetobacter SP, two carboxy acetone was formed.
   
4. reaction with calcium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide to form carboxyl malonic acid.
   
5. Acrolein is produced by potassium hydrogen sulfate or potassium sulfate
   
6. Other oxides that can be produced by reacting with other oxides include carboxyl pyruvic aldehyde, carboxyl pyruvic acid, carboxyl malondialdehyde, keto malondialdehyde, keto malonic acid, keto pyruvic acid, etc.
   
7. Periodic acid oxidation: Periodic acid is a selective oxidant that can react with 1,2-ethylene glycol to break the carbon chain between consecutive methanol and produce aldehydes or ketones, which can be carried out in neutral or acidic conditions. When reacting with glycerol, the carbon atoms break at both sides of the intermediate carbon atom to form formaldehyde, and one carbon atom in the middle to form formic acid. This response is quantified. Therefore, it is one of the main methods of glycerol analysis.
   
8. Epoxidation of glycerol with hydrogen chloride by intramolecular dehydration in the presence of catalyst to produce epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin is widely used and plays an important role in the generation of epoxy resin. This reaction is expected to become the most important component of glycerol derivatives.

2.2.2 Reduction of glycerin

There is no industrial use of glycerin reduction reaction to produce other products, if the Ni, Fe, Pt, Au, Hg, etc. as a catalyst, at 150 degrees Celsius, with H2 reduction will produce propylene glycol. In addition, iodinated ISO propane is produced by reduction of excess hydrogen iodide at 135-140 C.

2.2.3 esterification

Organic esters of glycerol are the most common and widespread glycerol biotechnology. They can form esters with low carbonation and higher fatty acids. Because glycerol has three hydroxyl groups, it can react with fatty acids at different locations, so there are many varieties. There are mainly three kinds of esterification reaction of glycerol, that is, general alkyd esterification, alcoholysis and transesterification three kinds. In addition, there are reactions of glycerol halides with fatty acid salts and glycerol with acyl halides (or anhydrides) and so on (about fatty acid glycerides, the application of glycerol will be introduced in the chapter).

1. Alkyd esterification is usually carried out under acid catalyst conditions. The reaction temperature is 200~230 C and the reaction time is about 3~8h.
   
2. The alcoholysis reaction is usually carried out under alkaline conditions. The reaction temperature is about 100 C and the reaction time is about 0.5~3h.
   
3. Lipid exchange reaction
   
   6.glycerol twelve acid (saturated or unsaturated)           alkyd resin

2.2.4  Sulfation reaction

At 10~20℃, sulphuric acid can react with glycerol to react with 2~4h.

2.2.5  Nitrification reaction

Glycerol reacts with dilute nitric acid or glycerol reacts with nitric acid to form a mixture of mononitro compounds or mononitro and dinitro compounds. Two nitro glycerin was produced when glycerol was acted on 3-5 times of nitric acid. Trinitro glycerin is produced when excessive nitric acid reacts with glycerol or when a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid reacts with glycerol.

Specific Heat of Liquids and Fluids

The specific heat for some commonly used liquids and fluids is given in the table below.

See also tabulated values of specific heat of gases, food and foodstuff,  metals and semimetals, common solids and other common substances as well as values of molar heat capacity of  common organic substances and inorganic substances.

Product	Specific Heat  – cp –
	(kJ/(kg K))	(Btu/(lb oF)) (Kcal/kg oC)
Acetic acid	2.043	0.49
Acetone	2.15	0.51
Alcohol, ethyl 32oF (ethanol)	2.3	0.548
Alcohol, ethyl 104oF (ethanol)	2.72	0.65
Alcohol, methyl. 40 – 50oF	2.47	0.59
Alcohol, methyl. 60 – 70oF	2.51	0.6
Alcohol, propyl	2.37	0.57
Ammonia, 32oF	4.6	1.1
Ammonia, 104oF	4.86	1.16
Ammonia, 176oF	5.4	1.29
Ammonia, 212oF	6.2	1.48
Ammonia, 238oF	6.74	1.61
Aniline	2.18	0.514
Benzene, 60oF	1.8	0.43
Benzene, 150oF	1.92	0.46
Benzine	2.1
Benzol	1.8	0.43
Bismuth, 800oF	0.15	0.0345
Bismuth, 1000oF	0.155	0.0369
Bismuth, 1400oF	0.165	0.0393
Bromine	0.47	0.11
n-Butane, 32oF	2.3	0.55
Calcium Chloride	3.06	0.73
Carbon Disulfide	0.992	0.237
Carbon Tetrachloride	0.866	0.207
Castor Oil	1.8	0.43
Chloroform	1.05	0.251
Citron Oil	1.84	0.44
Decane	2.21	0.528
Diphenylamine	1.93	0.46
Dodecane	2.21	0.528
Dowtherm	1.55	0.37
Ether	2.21	0.528
Ethyl ether	2.22	0.529
Ethylene glycol	2.36	0.56
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 saturated -40oF	0.88	0.211
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 saturated 0oF	0.91	0.217
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 saturated 120oF	1.02	0.244
Fuel Oil min.	1.67	0.4
Fuel Oil max.	2.09	0.5
Gasoline	2.22	0.53
Glycerine	2.43	0.576
Heptane	2.24	0.535
Hexane	2.26	0.54
Hydrochlor acid	3.14
Iodine	2.15	0.51
Kerosene	2.01	0.48
Linseed Oil	1.84	0.44
Light Oil, 60oF	1.8	0.43
Light Oil, 300oF	2.3	0.54
Mercury	0.14	0.03
Methyl alcohol	2.51
Milk	3.93	0.94
Naphthalene	1.72	0.41
Nitric acid	1.72
Nitro benzole	1.52	0.362
Octane	2.15	0.51
Oil, Castor	1.97	0.47
Oil, Olive	1.97	0.47
Oil, mineral	1.67	0.4
Oil, turpentine	1.8
Oil, vegetable	1.67	0.4
Olive oil	1.97	0.47
Paraffin	2.13	0.51
Perchlor ethylene	0.905
Petroleum	2.13	0.51
Petroleum ether	1.76
Phenol	1.43	0.34
Potassium hydrate	3.68	0.88
Propane, 32oF	2.4	0.576
Propylene	2.85	0.68
Propylene Glycol	2.5	0.60
Sesame oil	1.63	0.39
Sodium, 200oF	1.38	0.33
Sodium, 1000oF	1.26	0.3
Sodium hydrate	3.93	0.94
Soya bean oil	1.97	0.47
Sulfuric acid concentrated	1.38
Sulfuric acid	1.34
Toluene	1.72	0.41
Trichlor ethylene	1.30
Tuluol	1.51	0.36
Turpentine	1.72	0.411
Water, fresh	4.19	1
Water, sea 36oF	3.93	0.938
Xylene	1.72	0.41

• 1 kJ/(kg K) = 1000 J/(kg^oC) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg ^oC) = 0.2389 Btu/(lb_m ^oF)
• T(^oC) = 5/9[T(^oF) – 32]